Pardhi community nomadic tribal group in India

 Pardhi community  nomadic tribal group in India

The Pardhi community is a nomadic tribal group in India, primarily found in the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Karnataka. The term "Pardhi" is derived from the Marathi word 'Paradh,' meaning hunting, reflecting their traditional occupation as hunters. They are also known by various names, including Advichincher, Phans Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Bahelia, Chita Pardhi, Shikari, and Takankar. The community is divided into subgroups such as Vaghri Pardhi and Phase Pardhi, with further subdivisions like Pal Pardhi, Gav Pardhi, and Takankar. Common surnames among them include Chauhan (Chavan), Rathod, and Solanki.

Historical Background

The Pardhis trace their lineage to the Rajputs, as evidenced by their clan names and the use of Rajasthani dialects among themselves. Historically, they were hunter-gatherers and experts in ancient weaponry, which made them effective in guerrilla warfare. Their resistance against British colonial rule led to their classification as a "criminal tribe" under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871. Although this designation was repealed in 1952, the stigma associated with it persists, leading to ongoing social ostracism and economic hardships.

Social Structure and Culture

The Pardhi community's culture is a blend of Rajput and Gujarati influences. They follow the Shaktism sect of Hinduism, worshipping deities such as Mauli Mata, Kalika Mata, Saptashrungi Mata, Vadekhan Mata, and Khodiyar Mata as their Kuldevis (family deities). Festivals like Dussehra hold significant importance, during which they perform animal sacrifices—a practice rooted in their Rajput heritage. Despite modernization, many Pardhis continue to adhere to traditional customs and rituals, maintaining a distinct cultural identity.

Socio-Economic Status

The criminalization of hunting through legislation such as the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 severely impacted the Pardhis' traditional livelihood. Consequently, many have been forced into marginalized occupations, including agricultural labor, waste picking, and other menial jobs. A study conducted in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, revealed that only 5 out of 221 Pardhi households had no history of displacement or migration, highlighting their socio-economic instability. The community faces rampant discrimination, chronic poverty, and limited access to education and employment opportunities, which undermines their participation in socio-political and economic life.

Pardhi Community in Jharkhand

Specific data on the Pardhi population in Jharkhand is limited. However, given their presence in neighboring states like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, it is plausible that small Pardhi settlements exist in Jharkhand, particularly near state borders. For instance, Pardhi Village in the Nagri Subdistrict of Dhamtari District, Chhattisgarh, had a population of 128 according to the 2011 Census. The village exhibited a literacy rate of 66.67%, with male literacy at 78% and female literacy at 55.1%. Scheduled Tribes constituted 67.97% of the population, with a sex ratio of 970 females for every 1000 males.

Challenges and Aspirations

The Pardhi community continues to grapple with the legacy of historical stigmatization, leading to social exclusion and economic marginalization. Their nomadic lifestyle and lack of official documentation often result in denial of access to government welfare schemes and employment opportunities. The community's aspirations include better livelihood opportunities, access to education, and inclusion in social welfare programs. Advocacy for their rights emphasizes the need for policy interventions that address their unique challenges, promote social integration, and facilitate economic empowerment.

The Pardhi community's rich cultural heritage is juxtaposed with socio-economic challenges stemming from historical marginalization. Efforts to uplift the community necessitate a multifaceted approach, encompassing social recognition, economic support, and educational initiatives to ensure their integration into mainstream society while preserving their cultural identity.

The term "Pardih" in Jharkhand refers to specific localities rather than a distinct community or tribe. Notably, there is an area called Parsudih in Jamshedpur, and a village named Pagradih in the Jamtara district.

Parsudih in Jamshedpur:

Parsudih is a residential area situated on the outskirts of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Located beyond the Tatanagar railway station towards the Tata-Chaibasa highway, it predominantly features private residences and apartments. The locality is primarily inhabited by Bengali-speaking individuals, though languages such as Hindi, Oriya, and Santhali are also spoken. As of the 2001 census, Parsudih had a population of approximately 80,000, with males constituting 51% and females 49%. The average literacy rate stood at 71%, surpassing the national average at that time. The area boasts a vibrant market known for its 'HAT' days, offering fresh vegetables, fruits, and non-vegetarian items like fish, chicken, and mutton. Additionally, Parsudih houses a police station, ensuring civic administration and safety.

Pagradih Village in Jamtara District:

Pagradih is a village located in the Jamtara subdivision of Jamtara district, Jharkhand. It is situated approximately 6 km from Jamtara, the district and sub-district headquarters. Covering a geographical area of 311 hectares, Pagradih has a total population of 786 individuals, comprising 384 males and 402 females. The literacy rate is 40.97%, with male literacy at 51.30% and female literacy at 31.09%. The village consists of about 152 households and falls under the Menjhia gram panchayat.

Traditional Attire and Social Customs in Jharkhand:

Jharkhand's rich cultural tapestry is reflected in its traditional attire and social customs:

• Men's Traditional Dress: Men commonly wear the dhoti-kurta combination. The dhoti is a rectangular piece of unstitched cloth wrapped around the waist and legs, while the kurta is a long tunic worn on the upper body. This attire signifies simplicity and is well-suited to Jharkhand's tropical climate. Additionally, men often carry a 'gamchha', a traditional cotton towel used for various purposes, and don headgear like 'pagri' or 'safa', symbolizing dignity and pride.

• Women's Traditional Dress: Women traditionally drape sarees, often made of Tussar silk, a fabric for which Jharkhand is renowned. These sarees are characterized by vibrant colors and intricate patterns, with motifs inspired by local flora, fauna, and tribal symbols. The 'Padiya Saari', featuring a white base with a red border, is particularly significant among the Oraon and Munda tribes. Women accessorize with silver ornaments and often adorn their hair with flowers, reflecting their deep connection to nature.

• Marriage Customs: Weddings in Jharkhand are celebrated with simplicity and elegance. Brides typically wear sarees, with colors and designs varying based on tribal affiliations and personal preferences. For instance, some tribes prefer white sarees with contrasting red borders, while others opt for vibrant hues. Grooms traditionally wear a single piece of cloth known as 'Bhagwan', similar to a dhoti, though modern influences have introduced attire like sherwanis and embroidered kurtas.

"Pardih" refers to specific localities within Jharkhand, the state's diverse cultural heritage is vividly expressed through its traditional attire, occupations, and social customs, reflecting the rich tapestry of its various communities.