Palanquin the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy, neglected caste in India

The palanquin, known as "palki" in Hindi, is a traditional form of human-powered transport historically used across India and other parts of Asia. It consists of an enclosed carriage or seat, usually for one person, carried on poles by multiple bearers. In the past, palanquins symbolized wealth, social hierarchy, and ceremonial significance, particularly for royalty, nobility, and those belonging to upper castes.

Historical and Social Significance of the Palanquin

In ancient and medieval India, palanquins were highly esteemed, and only those in privileged social and economic positions could afford them. They were often richly adorned with fine fabrics, intricate carvings, and sometimes even jewels. Palanquins carried by a team of servants were a symbol of affluence and luxury, signifying the bearer’s high social status. While royalty and nobility often used palanquins as an everyday mode of transport, they also had ceremonial purposes, being a central part of weddings, processions, and religious events.

Palanquin bearers typically came from the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy and were frequently considered menial laborers. They were usually drawn from specific communities, which were designated for this type of manual labor in a society bound by the caste system. These communities were often treated with disdain and had little to no upward mobility, as their occupation was hereditary and socially stratified.

Treatment of Palanquin Bearers by Brahmins and Other Upper Castes

In the traditional caste hierarchy, Brahmins—the priestly and learned class—often maintained social distance from those engaged in labor-intensive or "impure" work, as dictated by caste norms. Palanquin bearers, being of a lower caste, were usually viewed with a mixture of patronage and contempt by the upper castes. The Brahmin community, in particular, upheld a rigid social code to prevent direct interaction with the bearers, as physical contact with lower castes was often believed to be polluting. This treatment extended to strict social barriers, restricting lower-caste people’s access to temples, public facilities, and other social spaces. While exceptions existed, societal structures largely limited interactions between these groups, reinforcing social stratification.

Government Reservation Policies and Financial Aid

The Indian government has taken various measures to uplift marginalized communities through affirmative action policies. Reservation systems in education, employment, and politics have aimed to provide opportunities for historically oppressed communities. Many communities engaged in traditional occupations like palanquin bearing belong to Scheduled Castes (SC) or Scheduled Tribes (ST), which receive specific government reservations and financial assistance to bridge educational and economic gaps.

Government initiatives for these communities include:

1. Reservation Quotas: In government jobs, educational institutions, and political seats, a certain percentage is reserved for SC, ST, and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This policy ensures representation and opportunities for socio-economically disadvantaged communities.

2. Scholarships: Government scholarships and fee waivers are available for students from SC/ST/OBC backgrounds. This financial aid aims to remove economic barriers to education and encourage higher education participation among marginalized groups.

3. Financial Assistance Programs: Various financial aid schemes support small businesses and self-employment initiatives for individuals from lower castes. This assistance includes access to loans, grants, and vocational training.

4. Housing and Welfare Schemes: State and central governments provide subsidies and housing schemes for economically disadvantaged groups. Programs like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana provide affordable housing options for families belonging to lower economic strata.

5. Skill Development Initiatives: Skill development programs target marginalized communities, including former laborer families, to equip them with skills for modern, dignified professions. These programs offer training in industries ranging from construction to technology, enabling individuals to achieve financial independence and societal respect.

These initiatives have contributed significantly to the social and economic upliftment of marginalized communities. However, challenges remain due to lingering social biases, especially in rural areas where caste-based distinctions are often more pronounced.